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The TRUNCATE command is not a DML command; it is a DDL command The difference is enormous When DML commands affect data, they insert, update, and delete rows as part of transactions Transactions are defined later in this chapter, in the section Control Transactions For now, let it be said that a transaction can be controlled, in the sense that the user has the choice of whether to make the work done in a transaction permanent, or whether to reverse it This is very useful but forces the database to do additional work behind the scenes that the user is not aware of DDL commands are not user transactions (though within the database, they are in fact implemented as transactions but developers cannot control them), and there is no choice about whether to make them permanent or to reverse them Once executed, they are done However, in comparison to DML, they are very fast EXAM TIP Transactions, consisting of INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE (or even MERGE) commands, can be made permanent (with a COMMIT) or reversed (with a ROLLBACK) A TRUNCATE command, like any other DDL command, is immediately permanent: it can never be reversed From the user s point of view, a truncation of a table is equivalent to executing a DELETE of every row: a DELETE command without a WHERE clause But whereas a deletion may take some time (possibly hours, if there are many rows in the table), a truncation will go through instantly It makes no difference whether the table contains one row or billions; a TRUNCATE will be virtually instantaneous The table will still exist, but it will be empty

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TIP DDL commands, such as TRUNCATE, will fail if there is any DML command active on the table A transaction will block the DDL command until the DML command is terminated with a COMMIT or a ROLLBACK EXAM TIP TRUNCATE completely empties the table There is no concept of row selection, as there is with a DELETE One part of the definition of a table as stored in the data dictionary is the table s physical location When first created, a table is allocated a single area of space, of fixed size, in the database s datafiles This is known as an extent and will be empty Then, as rows are inserted, the extent fills up Once it is full, more extents will be allocated to the table automatically A table therefore consists of one or more extents, which hold the rows As well as tracking the extent allocation, the data dictionary also tracks how much of the space allocated to the table has been used This is done with the high water mark The high water mark is the last position in the last extent that has been used; all space below the high water mark has been used for rows at one time or another, and none of the space above the high water mark has been used yet Note that it is possible for there to be plenty of space below the high water mark that is not being used at the moment; this is because of rows having been removed with a DELETE command Inserting rows into a table pushes the high water mark up Deleting them leaves the high water mark where it is; the space they occupied remains assigned to the table but is freed up for inserting more rows Truncating a table resets the high water mark Within the data dictionary, the recorded position of the high water mark is moved to the beginning of the table s first extent As Oracle assumes that there can be no rows above the high water mark, this has the effect of removing every row from the table The table is emptied and remains empty until subsequent insertions begin to push the high water mark back up again In this manner, one DDL command, which does little more than make an update in the data dictionary, can annihilate billions of rows in a table The syntax to truncate a table couldn t be simpler:.

TRUNCATE TABLE table;

Figure 2-6

Figure 8-2 shows access to the TRUNCATE command through the SQL Developer navigation tree, but of course it can also be executed from SQL*Plus